TATAR’S TROOPS IN THE BATTLE OF GRUNWALD (1410): NUMBERS, TACTICS AND LOSSES

Keywords: military history, Tatars, Battle of Grunwald, army, nomads, tactics, deceptive retreat, cavalry, losses, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Teutonic Order

Abstract

The article attempts to analyze the participation of the Tatars in one of the greatest battles of the Middle Ages – Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. The Tatars played a special role in the military history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th-14th centuries – knowing about the effective tactics of the Tatar light cavalry, the Lithuanian princes sought to use the nomads to strengthen the defense of their state, encouraging the resettlement of the Tatars to Lithuania and involving them in their military campaigns. The Lithuanian prince Vytautas concluded a military alliance with the Tatar khans Tokhtamysh and Jalal ad-Din, according to the terms of which the Lithuanians were to provide support in the struggle for the throne of the Golden Horde, and the Tatars were to help in the fight against the Teutonic Order. It was because of this that the Tatar detachments found themselves on the fields near Grunwald on July 15, 1410, and it was the Tatars who were the first to strike at the enemy army, together with the Lithuanians, who took on the blow of part of the Order's heavy cavalry, which generally influenced the course of the entire battle. The reasons and course of the war of 1409- 1411, the forces of the parties, weapons, tactics and the course of hostilities are considered. It is proved that the united Polish-Lithuanian army had a numerical advantage over the Teutonic Crusaders, although it is impossible to establish the exact numbers of both armies. The reasons and process of the appearance of the Tatars on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are traced, the process of the formation of the Lithuanian-Tatar defensive alliance is analyzed, and an attempt is made to establish the number of Tatar clans that went into the service of the princes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The reasons and nature of the military expeditions of Grand Duke Vytautas to the Tatar lands are analyzed. The course of the Battle of Grunwald on July 15, 1410, was traced, it was found that the Lithuanian army, which included Tatar troops, was the first to strike the enemy's right flank, inflicted certain losses and, most importantly, directed the blow of a significant part of the Order's troops at itself, thereby disrupting the Teutonic order's battle formation and reducing the pressure on the Polish crown troops. Based on a comprehensive cross-analysis of contemporary narrative sources, an overview of the armament, tactics and total number of Tatar troops in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's troops was carried out. It is proven that the historiographical thesis about the defeat of part of Prince Vytautas's army is not true, since Lithuanians and Tatars also took an active part in the final stage of the battle, during the defeat of the Teutonic Order troops

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Published
2026-05-01
How to Cite
Козловський , С. (2026). TATAR’S TROOPS IN THE BATTLE OF GRUNWALD (1410): NUMBERS, TACTICS AND LOSSES. Litopys Volyni, (34), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.32782/2305-9389/2026.34.23
Section
World history